Safety Risk Modeling in Smart Cities: A Multi-Layered Approach to Urban Infrastructure Protection

Abstract

Urban environments are increasingly adopting smart technologies to enhance resource management, improve service delivery, and foster sustainability objectives. The proliferation of connected devices, sensors, and automated systems in urban infrastructure presents novel challenges in safety risk assessment and mitigation strategies. This paper introduces a multi-layered approach to safety risk modeling in smart city environments, focusing on the complex interplay between physical infrastructure, digital systems, and human factors. We present a comprehensive framework that incorporates stochastic threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and consequence analysis specifically calibrated for heterogeneous smart city deployments. Our mathematical model demonstrates that integration of multi-domain risk factors yields a 23\% improvement in predictive accuracy compared to traditional siloed approaches. Implementation of the proposed framework across three simulation environments reduced false positive rates by 42\% while maintaining high sensitivity to emergent threats. The adaptive architecture presented provides urban planners, security professionals, and policy makers with a robust methodology for proactive safety governance in increasingly complex urban ecosystems, particularly when confronted with cascading failure modes and interdependent system vulnerabilities.